Mar 31 2016 : The Times of India (Chennai)
How punch-marked coins replaced barter system
MT Saju
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Chennai:
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When the barter system lost credibility in ancient times, a uniform currency system came into being. But checking the weight and purity of the metal used for this purpose required technical expertise. To overcome the problem, an authentication mark was stamped on the piece of metal to promise that it had adequate purity and weight. The next step was to decide who could assign these guarantee marks on the metal piece. Eventually , the ruling king of the territory concerned was empowered to issue coined money .Punch-marked coins are considered the earliest documented coins in the country , according to P V Radhakrishnan, curator at RBI Monetary Museum, Mumbai. “These coins are mostly made of silver, and bear various symbols, each of which is punched on the coin with a separate `punch'. The date generally accepted for these coins is the beginning of the 6th century BC,“ he said. He was speaking on “Significance of symbols on ancient Indian coins and un-inscribed coins of Tamil Nadu from 500 BC to AD 300,“ at the department of ancient history and archaeology , University of Madras, on Wednesday .
The scholars who studied this series classified them into local and universal groups.“The local punch-marked coins generally carry one, two or four symbols and were issued in different weight standard, fabric and execution, varying in different regions or localities.These coins are ascribed to various small and large states (janapadas and mahajanapadas), many of which existed in India from early times,“ he said.
The imperial punchmarked coins, according to Radhakrishnan, uniformly bore five symbols. These coins were issued first by the Magadha dynasty when it was still a janapada. Gradually , Magadha extended its dominions by annexing neighbouring states and became a powerful monarch. “By the time of Ashoka, the Magadhan empire had spread over most of the Indian subcontinent. Its coins also spread with the empire's expansion and have been found in large numbers across the length and breadth of the Mauryan Empire, from western Afghanistan to today's Bangladesh, and from the Himalayan foothills to the Deccan. Silver punch-marked coins also travelled beyond the Mauryan territory to the Chera, Chola and Pandya kingdoms of South India and to Sri Lanka due to the spread of Buddhism and extensive maritime trade,“ he said. Radhakrishnan said the sil ver punch-marked coins in India were unique and different from other contemporary currencies of the world. Indian coins dating from the 6th century BC to the 3rd century AD reflect the worship of nature, Vedic divinities, Brahmanical and Hindu gods, Yaksha and Yakshi figures, tribal gods, as well as deities of Buddhism and Jainism, he said.
“Copper was prominently used by the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas. There is no indigenous gold coin known for this period. A large number of silver denarii and gold aurei (Roman coins) have been unearthed from various parts of south India. The imperial silver punch-marked coins of the Magadha and Maurya dynasties were also freely exchanged as a medium of exchange all over Tamil Nadu,“ he added.
The scholars who studied this series classified them into local and universal groups.“The local punch-marked coins generally carry one, two or four symbols and were issued in different weight standard, fabric and execution, varying in different regions or localities.These coins are ascribed to various small and large states (janapadas and mahajanapadas), many of which existed in India from early times,“ he said.
The imperial punchmarked coins, according to Radhakrishnan, uniformly bore five symbols. These coins were issued first by the Magadha dynasty when it was still a janapada. Gradually , Magadha extended its dominions by annexing neighbouring states and became a powerful monarch. “By the time of Ashoka, the Magadhan empire had spread over most of the Indian subcontinent. Its coins also spread with the empire's expansion and have been found in large numbers across the length and breadth of the Mauryan Empire, from western Afghanistan to today's Bangladesh, and from the Himalayan foothills to the Deccan. Silver punch-marked coins also travelled beyond the Mauryan territory to the Chera, Chola and Pandya kingdoms of South India and to Sri Lanka due to the spread of Buddhism and extensive maritime trade,“ he said. Radhakrishnan said the sil ver punch-marked coins in India were unique and different from other contemporary currencies of the world. Indian coins dating from the 6th century BC to the 3rd century AD reflect the worship of nature, Vedic divinities, Brahmanical and Hindu gods, Yaksha and Yakshi figures, tribal gods, as well as deities of Buddhism and Jainism, he said.
“Copper was prominently used by the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas. There is no indigenous gold coin known for this period. A large number of silver denarii and gold aurei (Roman coins) have been unearthed from various parts of south India. The imperial silver punch-marked coins of the Magadha and Maurya dynasties were also freely exchanged as a medium of exchange all over Tamil Nadu,“ he added.
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