History of Christianity in India, Vol. I, by Fr. A. Mathias Mundadan, Professor of Church History and Theology at the Dharmaram Pontifical Institute, Bangalore, in says
Opinion seems to be Unanimously in supporting the Hypothesis that the whole or Greater part of the western section of the Kerala coast was once under waters and that the formation of the Land was due to some process of nature either gradual or Sudden. Page-12
Periplus state :
53. Beyond Calliena there are other market-towns of this region; Semylla, Mandagora, Pala-patmae, Melizigara, Byzantium, Togarum and Aurannoboas. Then there are the islands called Sesecrienae and that of the Aegidii, and that of the Caenitae, opposite the place called Chersonesus (and in these places there are pirates), and after this the White Island. Then come Naura and Tyndis, the first markets of Damirica, and then Muziris and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance.
54. Tyndis is of the Kingdom of Cerobothra; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same Kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia. Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and is of another Kingdom, the Pandian. This place also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea.
55. There is another place at the mouth of this river, the village of Bacare; to which ships drop down on the outward voyage from Nelcynda, and anchor in the road stead to take on their cargoes; because the river is full of shoals and the channels are not clear. The kings of both these market-towns live in the interior. And as a sign to those approaching these places from the sea there are serpents coming forth to meet you, black in color, but shorter, like snakes in the head, and with blood-red eyes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_(unit)
Stadia - is around 157 -209 Meters, roughly 500 stadia is 78.5 Kms or highest 104.5 Kms.
Tyndis -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadalundi
Thundi is an ancient seaport and harbor-town north to Muziris (Muchiri) in the Chera Kingdom (Keprobotos), modern day India on the Malabar Coast.[1][2] The exact location of the port is still unknown, modern day Kadalundi, Ponnani and Pantalayani Kollam[3]are often identified as Tyndis located in the Sangam age Tamil kingdom of the Cheras. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era. A branch of the Chera royal family is also said to have established itself at Tyndis. It is also speculated that Tyndis (along with ports such as Naura, Bakare and Nelkynda) operated as a satellite feeding port to Muziris.
Ponnani is situated at the mouth of Bharathappuzha (Nila River) and is bounded by the Arabian Sea on the west. The tidal port is an important fishing center in the region.
Ponnani is often regarded one of the oldest ports in southern India and is sometimes roughly identified with the port Tyndis of the Roman accounts.
Bharathappuzha ("River of Bhārata"), also known as the River Nila, We see the name "Peraar" indicating the same river in ancient scripts and documents.
Sangam Literuature says Muzuris located off Peeriyaaru".
KODUNGALLUR WAS UNDER SEA TILL 9th Century, moreover Roman trade was mainly for Pepper.
WAYANAD IS the Major grower of Pepper in Ancient Chera Naadu, and hence Muzuris must be near Bharatapuz
No comments:
Post a Comment