ஜோகிந்தார் நாத் மண்டல் (Jogendra Nath Mandal) (Bengali: যোগেন্দ্রনাথ মণ্ডল; 29 சனவரி 1904 – 5 அக்டோபர் 1968), புதிய பாகிஸ்தான் நாட்டின் முதல் சட்டம் & நீதித் துறை அமைச்சராக 15 ஆகஸ்டு 1947 முதல் 8 அக்டோபர் 1950 முடிய மூன்று ஆண்டுகளுக்கும் மேலாக பணியாற்றியவர். [1]பட்டியல் வகுப்பைச் சேர்ந்தவர்.[2] மேலும் காமன்வெல்த் & எல்லை விவகாரங்களுக்கான அமைச்சராகவும் பணியாற்றியவர். மேலும் பாகிஸ்தான் நாட்டின் பட்டியல் வகுப்பினரின் தலைவராகவும் இருந்தவர்.[3]
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ஜோகிந்திரநாத் மண்டல் மூன்று ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பின்னர், 1950-இல் பாகிஸ்தான் நாட்டில் வாழும் பட்டியல் வகுப்பு இந்துகளுக்கு எதிராக, பாகிஸ்தான் அரசின் பிற்போக்குத்தனமான செயல்பாடுகளைக் கண்டித்து, தனது பதவி விலகல் கடிதத்தை எழுதி வைத்து விட்டு பாகிஸ்தானிலிருந்து வெளியேறி, இந்தியாவில் அடைக்கலம் அடைந்தார். [4][5][6] [4] [5][6] இந்தியாவின் மேற்கு வங்காள மாநிலத்தில் வாழ்ந்த ஜோகிந்தர்நாத் மண்டல் 1968-இல் மறைந்தார். இவர் நாமசூத்திரர் வகுப்பில் பிறந்தவர்.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogendra_Nath_Mandal
Distinguished as a leader representing the Scheduled Castes (Dalits), Mandal vehemently opposed the partition of Bengal in 1947. His rationale rested on the apprehension that a divided Bengal would subject the Dalits to the dominance of the majority caste-Hindus in West Bengal (India). Eventually opting to maintain his base in East Pakistan, Mandal aspired for the welfare of the Dalits and assumed a ministerial role in Pakistan as the Minister of Law and Labour.[3] However, a few years subsequent to the partition, he left for India, tendering his resignation to Liaquat Ali Khan, the then Prime Minister of Pakistan, citing the perceived anti-Dalit bias within the Pakistani administration.
Political career in Pakistan (1947-1950)
Jogendra Nath Mandal emerged as one of the 96 founding figures of the Dominion of Pakistan, aligning himself with the Muslim League (ML). During their inaugural session, which transpired shortly before the partition of India on 15 August 1947, he was elected as their interim chairman.[13] Notably, as Muhammad Ali Jinnah prepared to assume the role of the first Governor-General of Pakistan, he entrusted Mandal with the responsibility of presiding over the session, underscoring his profound confidence in Mandal's foresight and moral rectitude. Mandal was subsequently appointed Pakistan's inaugural Minister for Law and Labour.[14]
Regrettably, Mandal's tenure in this esteemed position was truncated due to persistent subjugation within a bureaucracy dominated by the Muslim majority.[15][16] The situation deteriorated further following Jinnah's demise in September 1948. Confronted with atrocities committed against his constituents, the Dalits, by Muslim rioters supported by the police, Mandal voiced his protest. This principled stance led to discord between him and the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan.[17]
Returning to India (1950)
In 1950, Jogendranath Mandal found himself compelled to repatriate to India, a decision precipitated by an outstanding arrest warrant against him in Pakistan.[6][5][4] In submitting his resignation to Liaquat Ali Khan, the Prime Minister of Pakistan at that time, Mandal underscored the perceived failure of the Pakistani administration to address the inaction against rioters responsible for perpetrating atrocities against Dalits and minority communities. His resignation letter delineated instances of social injustice and a purportedly biased disposition towards non-Muslim minorities.
Upon his return to India, Mandal encountered a lack of acceptance by any political party. Nevertheless, undeterred, he persevered in his endeavors to aid the rehabilitation of Hindu refugees from East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh), whose influx was rapidly impacting West Bengal. His demise occurred on 5 October 1968 in Bongaon, North 24 Parganas under mysterious circumstances.[18]
மேற்கோள்கள்
Ahmad, Salahuddin (2004). Bangladesh: Past and Present. New Delhi, India: APH Publishing Co. p. 77. ISBN 978-81-7648-469-5.
Heyworth-Dunne, James (1952). Pakistan: the birth of a new Muslim state. Cairo: Renaissance Bookshop. கணினி நூலகம் 558585198. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |+page= ignored (help)
Jogendra Nath Mandal, a Bengali Dalit leader who went on to become a Pakistani minister
"Eye on Uttar Pradesh polls, BJP showcases Pakistan Dalit minister who 'came back disillusioned'". The Indian Express.
"5 noted personalities who left Pakistan for India". The Express Tribune.
Mandal, Jogendra Nath (8 October 1950). "Resignation letter of Jogendra Nath Mandal". Wikilivres.
The Dalit Leader Who Chose Pakistan, Became Law Minister, Then Returned To India: Jogendra Nath Mandal's Story
Know the untold story of Jogendra Nath Mandal, a prominent Dalit leader who became Pakistan's first Law Minister, only to return to India after Jinnah's death amid rising religious extremism.
 "The Dalit Leader Who Chose Pakistan, Became Law Minister, Then Returned To India: Jogendra Nath Mandal's Story")
Jogendra Nath Mandal's Story (PHOTO: ZEE NEWS)With India marking its 79th Independence Day, the tale of Jogendra Nath Mandal, the eminent Dalit leader who opted for Pakistan over India during Partition, presents a heart-wrenching and lesser-known page from the history of the subcontinent. Disillusioned with India's social order and initially attracted by the promises of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Mandal became the first Law Minister of Pakistan. But his expectations were thwarted as religiosity did a rapid turnaround, eventually forcing him back to India.
A Dalit Leader's Journey To Pakistan
Born into a farmer's family belonging to the Namasudra community (a Dalit group) from Barisal, British India, Jogendra Nath Mandal overcame odds to seek education, eventually graduating with a law degree in 1934. Far from practicing law, he spent his life fighting against injustice and striving for the betterment of Dalits.
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Mandal's political life started with Barisal municipal elections, where he worked relentlessly to enhance the lives of marginalized people. During the 1937 provincial election, he defeated the Congress district committee president and secured the Bakarganj North-East assembly seat as an independent candidate.
Under the initial influence of Subhas Chandra Bose, Mandal was eventually drawn towards the Muslim League when Bose quit Congress. Mandal was also highly impressed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Mandal was pivotal in making Ambedkar win the 1946 Constituent Assembly polls from Bengal when Ambedkar lost from Bombay. Mandal was a member of the Constituent Assembly himself and played a significant role in formulating the Indian Constitution through his deliberations and suggestions to Ambedkar.
Influenced By Jinnah, Warned By Ambedkar
In the 1946 riots, Jogendra Nath Mandal went through East Bengal, advising Dalits not to retaliate against Muslims but to consider both groups as victims of oppression by Hindu upper castes. It was then that he sided with the Muslim League and became a close associate of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Although he was not the first to favor India's partition, he eventually became convinced that the condition of Dalits would never change in an upper-caste dominated Hindu-majority country and Pakistan could provide a better alternative.
In October 1946, Jinnah selected Mandal as one of the five representatives of the Muslim League in the interim Indian government. When Mandal opted to immigrate to Pakistan after Jinnah's assurances, he was cautioned by his peer and India's leading Dalit leader, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. However, influenced by Jinnah, Mandal opted for Pakistan.
Pakistan's First Law Minister And Later Disillusionment
On Partition, Jogendra Nath Mandal shifted to Pakistan and became its Constituent Assembly member and temporary chairman. Jinnah assigned him the responsibility of chairing the first session of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. By a stroke of fate, while Dr. Ambedkar was made India's first Law Minister, Jogendra Nath Mandal was made Pakistan's first Law Minister and Labour Minister.
Yet, Mandal's dreams started to fall apart soon after Jinnah's demise in September 1948. He saw firsthand the worst kind of discrimination inflicted upon Dalits and was shook to the core by the growing violence against Hindus in Pakistan. His political stock declined sharply after Jinnah's death. Even though he made sincere appeals to Pakistan's first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, regarding the issues faced by Hindus and Dalits, his appeals came to naught.
Mandal had dreamed about Pakistan being a country where Dalit emancipation could bloom, but the open discrimination against Hindu minorities crushed all his dreams. Religious extremists started oppressing Hindus, and Mandal felt more and more alone in Pakistani politics.
The Painful Return To India
A chain of events following the death of Jinnah disillusioned Mandal, who felt that there was no one remaining in the government that would ensure promises to minorities were kept. He witnessed the emergence of people who were bent on putting religion into the state. Things became so tough for Mandal in Pakistan that he was forced to escape.
In 1950, Pakistan enacted the controversial 'Objectives Resolution,' which was favored by nearly all Muslim members of the Constituent Assembly (with the exception of Mian Iftikharuddin) but opposed by nearly all minority members. Even one of the minority members had the following to say: If Jinnah were alive, this resolution would never have been passed." Mandal stayed in Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan's cabinet until 1950, even grumbling all along about atrocities committed on Dalits in East Pakistan.
Jogendra Nath Mandal eventually put in his resignation on October 8, 1950. In his letter of resignation, he showed deep despair regarding the future of the minorities and listed the reasons why he had lost faith. He mentioned hundreds of Dalit killings in Bengal by the army, police, and Muslim League activists, which hurt him deeply and totally severed his attachment to Pakistan.
Upon resigning from the Pakistani government, Mandal's re-entry into India, or more precisely West Bengal, caused a political commotion. He migrated to India in 1950. Ironically, in India too he was suspicious of his own kind because of his Pakistani background. Though he had been a close confidant of Dr. Ambedkar, India's leading Dalit leader prior to Partition, Mandal now had no political backing.
He spent his later years in a highly backward section of Calcutta until his death in 1968. Mandal tried to revive his political life by repairing his Congress connections, running elections in North Calcutta in 1952 and 1957, a Dalit reserved constituency, but lost both times. He died in 1968 from a heart attack while he was crossing a river by a boat. The reason for his death is still uncertain since no post-mortem was carried out.
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